I just noticed you said the playfield is off. Are you sure nothing is shorted anywhere ? Did you have any issues at all before removing the playfield and changing the PSU, or did you just want to update the PSU in there ? I don't know your particular machine , but if you are turning on the machine by shorting the green wire, the playfield shouldn't matter (unless some disconnected wire is pinched somewhere).
I would:
-Disconnect the ATX connector from the board
-Short the green wire to any black ground wire in the harness ( you can do this with a paper clip or long nosed pliers without cutting the green wire at all when you test)
If the fan stays on then , the PSU is working fine.
If it turns on and quickly off it could be the 110/220 switch or maybe even it could be a 220v PSU with no switch and you are trying to power it with 110,
Or that it requires a certain power to be drawn from one of the wires in order to actually turn on (a load) and this should be written on the label of the PSU,
That the power supply smart enough to not turn on the fan at all because so little current is drawn and there is almost no heat to remove. If you are using a 500-600W PSU and from what I quickly gathered this machine runs at about 200w max , then its very possible the PSU just doesn't need to run that fan.
Or that the PSU is simply dead.
If it doesn't turn on when the ATX connector is connected , but it did when it wasn't then it means a protection in the PSU is kicking it and preventing the psu to turn on and damage something. This is very typical of a short circuit protection and most decent power supply have that nowadays. It might even take a few minutes to be able to turn the PSU on after such protection kicked in.
Can you post a picture of the PSU label ?